Tech
As China’s 996 culture spreads, South Korea’s tech sector grapples with 52-hour limit
As the world races to stay ahead in the deep tech revolution — from AI and semiconductors to quantum computing — innovation has become the new currency of power. For many companies, that pressure has translated into heavier workloads and more intense work cultures. Yet they face a real dilemma: they can’t simply ease up while competitors across the globe push harder to win.
When I came across news about the intense “996” work culture — working 9 am to 9 pm, six days a week, a 72-hour work week — spreading from China to Silicon Valley, it made me wonder how different countries approach work hours and workplace cultures in the tech industry. I was especially curious about how things compare here in South Korea, where I’m currently based.
In South Korea, the standard workweek is 40 hours, with up to 12 hours of overtime, usually paid at 1.5 times the regular rate or more. Employers who violate these rules risk fines, executive imprisonment, and civil liability.
The 52-hour workweek, introduced in 2018 for large companies with over 300 employees and public institutions, was gradually extended to all businesses and fully took effect on January 1, 2025.
Earlier this year, South Korea rolled out a special extended work program that lets employees work beyond the 52-hour weekly limit, with both worker consent and government approval, up to 64 hours. For deep tech sectors like semiconductors, approval periods were temporarily extended from three to six months, though local media reports suggest that only a few companies actually took advantage of it. Looking ahead, the South Korean government plans to scale back these special exemptions and tighten working-hour regulations, even as some lawmakers argue that the current guidelines are sufficient, per the report.
TechCrunch spoke with several tech investors and founders based in South Korea about how the 52-hour workweek limit affects their businesses and their R&D projects as they try to compete with global companies.
“The 52-hour workweek is indeed a challenging factor when making investment decisions in deep tech sectors,” Yongkwan Lee, CEO of South Korea-based venture capital firm Bluepoint Partners, told TechCrunch. “This is particularly relevant when investing in globally competitive sectors like semiconductors, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. Labor challenges are particularly complex in these sectors, where founders and teams often face intense workloads and long hours during critical growth phases.”
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At Bluepoint, early-stage investments are often made before the underlying technologies are fully developed or products are ready for market. In this context, Lee noted that strict limits on working hours could potentially impact the pace at which key business milestones are reached.
In South Korea, 70.4% of employees at startup companies responded that they would be willing to work an additional 52 hours per week if adequate compensation is provided, per local reports.
Bohyung Kim, CTO of LeMong, a South Korean startup backed by LG Uplus that delivers agentic AI solutions to more than 13,000 small and medium-sized enterprises in the food and beverage sector, said the country’s 52-hour workweek system often feels more like a restriction than a protection.
“Engineers work to find practical solutions to complex problems,” Kim said. “Our work isn’t about completing predefined tasks within fixed hours. It’s about using creativity and deep focus to solve challenges and create new value. When an idea strikes or a technical breakthrough happens, the concept of time disappears. If a system forces you to stop at that moment, it breaks the flow and can actually reduce efficiency.”
Kim added that while short-term, intense focus is crucial as project deadlines approach or when refining key algorithms, rigid legal limits can sometimes get in the way, including depending on the kind of engineering role someone holds. “Even among engineers, production roles in manufacturing differ from R&D positions,” Kim explained. “In manufacturing, productivity is directly linked to working hours, so schedules need to account for industrial safety. Overtime should also be fairly compensated.”
When asked about workplace flexibility, Huiyong Lee, co-founder of LeMong, which makes comment management software, said he thinks figuring out a monthly average would be more practical than adhering strictly to the country’s 52-hour weekly limit. He noted that work intensity often varies depending on the stage of R&D and project timelines in deep tech companies.
“For companies like ours, intensive development efforts are often required for approximately two weeks prior to a product launch, after which the workload eases once the product stabilizes,” Lee said. “A system with monthly flexibility would allow us to work around 60 hours per week before a launch and 40 hours per week afterward, maintaining an average of 52 hours while ensuring operational efficiency,” Lee continued. “I also believe it is worth considering differentiated standards for deep tech and R&D-focused companies. At the same time, for startups with fewer than 10–20 employees, it is essential to establish more flexible criteria to accommodate their unique operational needs.”
Kim also noted that there is a clear link between performance and hours worked. High-performing team members often tend to put in longer hours, he said. But rather than seeking rewards for the extra time, these top performers focus on achieving results and advancing quickly within the company.
“Engineers are far more motivated to dive in when their efforts are recognized, whether through performance bonuses, stock options, or acknowledgment of technical contributions,” Kim said. “In high-tech, R&D, and IT industries, as well as in globally competitive firms where technical expertise is key, decisions about flexible work hours should be driven by market logic.”
Another Seoul-based venture capitalist, who invests in startups, downplayed the impact of the 52-hour workweek limit on investment decisions.
“At the moment, there don’t appear to be any major concerns. While it’s always difficult to predict how labor regulations or monitoring practices might evolve, many venture companies today do not strictly track employees’ working hours. To my understanding, there’s currently no requirement for companies to submit formal evidence proving that employees stay within the 52-hour weekly limit.”
If an employee were to file a complaint, the VC noted, “the absence of detailed time records could raise compliance questions. That said, most R&D or deeptech firms typically employee highly self-motivated professionals who manage their own schedules responsibly, so such cases seem relatively uncommon.”
The greater challenge likely lies in more labor-intensive industries, such as logistics, delivery, or manufacturing, where a large portion of workers earn close to the minimum wage. “In those sectors, the 52-hour workweek regulation can significantly increase labor costs due to mandatory overtime pay and paid leave. As a result, maintaining productivity and achieving economies of scale can become more difficult for businesses operating under tight margins,” this investor said.
How other countries work
To understand where South Korea’s 52-hour limit fits in the global landscape — and why its deep tech companies feel squeezed between competing pressures — it’s worth examining how other major tech hubs regulate working hours.
According to reports, Europe-based VCs and startups are having a heated debate over China’s 996 work culture, according to reports.
In Germany, the UK, and France, standard workweeks typically range from 33 to 48 hours. In Australia and Canada, the standard workweek is 38 and 40 hours, respectively, with mandatory overtime pay, offering a balance between labor rights and workplace flexibility.
In the U.S., the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) sets a standard 40-hour workweek. Non-exempt employees earn time-and-a-half for any overtime, and there’s no limit on total hours. (In California, the rules only require double-time pay for certain overtime.)
In China, the standard work schedule is also 40 hours per week, or 8 hours a day. Overtime is paid at higher rates: roughly 150% of regular pay on weekdays, 200% on weekends, and 300% on public holidays. In Japan, the standard workweek is 40 hours, with limits of 45 hours of overtime per month and 370 hours per year under normal circumstances. Employers who exceed these limits can face fines and administrative penalties, as in other countries.
Singapore’s workweek is slightly longer at 44 hours, with a maximum of 72 overtime hours per month. If spread evenly, that’s roughly 62 hours per week. Overtime pay rates are similar: 1.5 times for weekdays, 2 times for rest days, and 3 times for public holidays.
South Korea’s 52-hour cap sits in the middle of this spectrum, stricter than the U.S. and Singapore but more flexible than much of Europe. Either way, for deep tech founders competing globally, the question isn’t just about the number — it’s about whether rigid weekly limits can accommodate the intense, uneven workflows that characterize early-stage R&D.
Tech
Waymo starts autonomous testing in Philadelphia
Waymo is adding another four cities to its growing list of robotaxi rollouts. The company announced Wednesday it has begun testing its autonomous vehicles (with a safety monitor) in Philadelphia, and that it will start manual driving to collect data in Baltimore, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh.
Waymo did not offer a timeline for when it plans to launch commercial services in those locations, nor do we know whether the Alphabet-owned company will partner with other companies to operate robotaxis in each one. That has been the move in cities like Atlanta and Austin, for example, where Waymo has partnered with Uber to advance its robotaxi rollout.
But the new locations join a list of over 20 cities where the company is either offering rides, prepping a commercial launch, or testing. Waymo is also now offering rides on freeways in Los Angeles, Phoenix, and the San Francisco Bay Area. The company plans to be doing one million rides per week by the end of 2026.
Waymo has done all this while claiming to be operating at a level five times safer than humans, according to data the company recently released.
But the expansion has not come without its issues. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is investigating how the company’s vehicles operate near school buses, after a Waymo was filmed driving around a stopped bus in Atlanta in September.
This week, Austin news outlet KXAN published a report showing Waymo’s vehicles have driven past school buses that were in the process of unloading or loading children multiple times — including after Waymo claims to have shipped software updates to address the problem.
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Tech
Spotify Wrapped 2025 adds its first multiplayer feature with ‘Wrapped Party’
Spotify Wrapped is back. After last year’s widely criticized flop that included an AI podcast as its highlight, the streamer’s highly anticipated annual review feature has returned to its roots. This year, Spotify is doubling down on what it knows works best: deep dives into your streaming data, creative experiences, messages from favorite artists, and other social features.
The company claims that Wrapped 2025 is its biggest, as it’s introducing nearly a dozen new features in addition to its old standbys, like top songs and artists. Plus, it’s offering more visibility into users’ data than in years past. For the first time, Spotify Wrapped is adding a live multiplayer feature to compare your listening data with friends.
Wrapped Party, Wrapped’s first live interactive experience, allows you to invite up to nine friends to compare listening stats.

Also new this year, your Top Songs Playlist will include the play counts for each of the top songs, so you can actually see how much time you spent with your favorite tracks.
Other standout features this year include an interactive Top Song Quiz, a Listening Age feature, and Wrapped Clubs, which match you to one of six unique listening styles.
The company believes these additions will not only bring back the personalized, engaging experience that users have long expected from Wrapped, but will take it a step further by making it more interactive than before.
In the Top Song Quiz, for instance, you can try to guess which top song soundtracked your year before seeing the results.
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The new interactive Wrapped Party feature isn’t just about comparing the personal streaming data you’ve already received to your friends’ data, as that’s something people already do on social media. Instead, the feature presents unique data stories for your group, like who’s the “most obsessed fan,” the “early bird,” the most “picky listener,” or even something as nice as the “dinner table explainer,” meaning the person who listens to the most news podcasts.

Spotify says these awards update dynamically every time you join a Wrapped Party, so no two sessions are ever the same — even if you run through them again with the same group of friends.
The new Wrapped Clubs, meanwhile, will group you into one of half a dozen listening styles, like the “Soft Hearts Club,” the “Club Serotonin,” the “Full Charge Crew,” the “Cosmic Stereo Club,” and others. You’ll also receive a role in the club based on your listening data. You might be a club leader if your listening choices strongly matches the club’s values, a scout if you’re always seeking out new releases, or an archivist if you listen to music from past eras.

Another feature, Listening Age, compares your 2025 music listening to others in your age group. To calculate your age, the feature considers the release years of the tracks you listen to most. From there, it identifies the five-year span of music that you engaged with more than other listeners your age.

As in prior years, you’ll see your top songs, top artists, top genres, and, for the first time, top albums. If you engaged with audiobooks and podcasts, you’ll see metrics for those as well. Artists, writers, and podcasters will have their own version of Wrapped as before. And top fans will again receive video messages from their favorite artists, podcasters, and, now, authors.
You’ll also receive a playlist of your top songs of the year, as before.

What you won’t find in this year’s Wrapped is any feature that advertises it was made with AI.
In a press briefing on Tuesday, Spotify’s Senior Director of Global Marketing, Matt Luhks, admitted the company received a “lot of feedback” about its 2024 AI-focused Wrapped experience, saying it was a “mix of positive and ‘more constructive feedback,’” despite the feature driving more engagement than prior years.
“We take all of that in. We use that as information, insights, [and] inspiration for how we approached Wrapped this year,” he said in a press event ahead of today’s launch.
“What our users tell us about Wrapped means a lot to us, so it was really informative in how we approached Wrapped this year. And what we tried to build was the most creative, most innovative, most engaging Wrapped ever,” he added, setting a high bar for the 2025 edition of the now 11-year-old annual year-in-review feature.
“We’re the original and, we believe, still the best,” Luhks said.

Still, AI was a part of the Wrapped experience. Though the company claims the overall experience was not made with AI, it does leverage a LLM (large language model) to add a storytelling layer to Wrapped’s facts and figures, and natural language summaries in other parts of its experience, looking back on your data.
Spotify’s attempt to fix Wrapped after a notable stumble comes as the streamer faces increased competition from Apple, Amazon, YouTube, and others, which have all launched their own annual review features, inspired by Wrapped.
“Everyone seems to have their own version of Wrapped. Now, there’s a lot of reviews and replays and rewinds out there, but we believe that Wrapped still sets the bar for these year-end recaps,” Luhks said.
Along with the consumer experience, Spotify shared its top artists, songs, albums, podcasts, and audiobooks for the year, with top winners that included, respectively, Bad Bunny (top song and album), Joe Rogan (“The Joe Rogan Experience” podcast), and Rebeca Yarros (author of “Fourth Wing”).
Tech
Nothing looks to its community to raise $5M, wants to be ‘IPO-ready’ in 3 years
Hardware maker Nothing is letting its user base buy its stock as part of a new community investment round of $5 million. The new round, which opens on December 10, will enable consumers to buy the company’s shares at its Series C valuation of $1.3 billion.
The company said it has so far raised $8 million in total from over 8,000 people across two previous community investment rounds. It held its first community funding event in 2021, aiming to raise $1.5 million.
“This isn’t about raising capital, it’s about giving our community/fans a chance to invest while we’re private and join us on the journey,” a spokesperson for Nothing told TechCrunch.
Community investors have a rotating seat on the company’s board, but it is unclear what else they get for investing in the company through such rounds.
Nothing raised $200 million in its Series C back in September from investors including Tiger Global, GV, Highland Europe, EQT, Latitude, I2BF and Tapestry. The company has raised $450 million to date.
The community round comes as Nothing makes changes to its corporate structure as it tries to increase its share of a smartphone market dominated by giants like Samsung and Apple. The company is spinning off its budget CMF brand, and plans to explore AI-centric devices while it keeps building smartphones and audio products. And Nothing claims it crossed $1 billion in cumulative revenue this year, up 150% from 2024.
The startup is working to be “IPO-ready” in three years, CEO Carl Pei told TechCrunch in an email. “The timing will depend on market conditions and what makes sense for the business at that point in time,” he said.
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“What’s important is that we’re already operating with that discipline now. We’re building the systems, the governance, the financial discipline that a public company needs. It forces us to think longer-term and make smarter decisions that prioritise sustainable growth,” Pei added.
It’s not clear if Nothing aims to raise another round before an IPO. When asked about its fundraising plans, a Nothing spokesperson said the company is not thinking about raising capital immediately, but it wouldn’t be averse to those conversations.
Those interested in investing in the community round can use platforms like Wefunder and Crowdcube to participate.
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