Tech
How the classic anime ‘Ghost in the Shell’ predicted the future of cybersecurity 30 years ago
The year is 2030. An “infamous mystery hacker” known as the Puppet Master is wreaking havoc on the internet, breaking into the so-called cyber-brains of several humans as well as “every terminal on the network.” As it turns out, the Puppet Master is a creation of Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In other words, the Puppet Master is what we would call today a government-backed hacker, or advanced persistent threat (APT). In this case, however, the “phantom” hacker goes rogue and is wanted for “stock manipulation, spying, political engineering, terrorism, and violation of cyber-brain privacy.”
That is the basic premise of the Japanese anime cult classic Ghost in the Shell, which marked its 30th anniversary this week since its debut, and was based on the chapters titled Bye Bye Clay and Ghost Coast from the first volume of the eponymous manga, released in May 1989.
To say that the story of the Puppet Master was ahead of its time may be an understatement. The World Wide Web, essentially what flourished from the internet as we know it today, was invented in 1989, the same year that the first volume of Ghost in the Shell’s manga — including the story of the Puppet Master — hit newsstands in Japan. (The World Wide Web publicly launched in 1991.)

In the manga, when the Puppet Master gets caught, an official from Public Security Section 6, an agency under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, explains that they had been after the hacker “for a long time,” and they “profiled his behavioral tendencies and code/tech patterns.”
“As a result, we were finally able to create a special anti-puppeteer attack barrier,” the official says in the manga.
At the risk of extrapolating too much from a couple of sentences, the reality is that what the official is describing is basically what cybersecurity companies, such as antivirus firms, do everyday to stop malware. Not only do they create so-called signatures based on the malware’s code, but also based on its behavior and properties, known as heuristics.
There are other elements of the plot that turned out to be prescient.
At the beginning of the Puppet Master investigation, Major Motoko Kusanagi, the protagonist and commander of the counter-cyberterrorism unit Section 9, hacks into the network of the Sanitation Department to track a garbage truck. (These days, government hackers who work for intelligence agencies often break into large networks to spy on specific individual targets, rather than to siphon data out of the hacked network itself.)
While that happens, one of the garbage men confesses to his colleague that he hacked into his wife’s cyber brain because he thinks that she is cheating on him. Right after, we find out he’s been using a computer virus he got from “some programmer.” This is a clear case of tech-enabled domestic abuse, or even stalkerware, which TechCrunch has investigated extensively over the last few years.
As it turns out, the abusive garbage man had no wife. His memories were all made up. His ghost — essentially his mind or consciousness — was hacked by the Puppet Master with the goal of using him to hack into government officials. In some way, that’s similar to what some advanced hackers do when they hack into networks that they then use to hack their actual target, as a way to hide their tracks adding separation from themselves and the final target.
The Puppet Master as a government hacker, the breaching of networks to track targets or use them to then attack other networks, and a jealousy-fueled hack are not the only fascinating bits of speculative fiction related to hacking in the anime.
John Wilander, a cybersecurity veteran who writes hacker-themed fiction books, wrote an exhaustive analysis of the movie that highlighted details referencing real-life scenarios. Wilander gave examples, like hackers reusing known exploits or malware to make attribution more difficult, investigating malware without alerting the authors and infecting yourself with it, and using computers for industrial espionage.
Obviously, the manga and anime take the basic — and realistic — premise of the Puppet Master as a hacker into more fantastical directions. The hacker, which turns out to be an advanced artificial intelligence, can control humans through their cyber-brains, and is self-aware to the point that — spoiler alert — it asks for political asylum and ends up proposing to Kusanagi to fuse their “ghosts,” essentially their minds.

To understand how prophetic Ghost in the Shell was, it’s crucial to put it in its historical context. In 1989 and 1995, cybersecurity wasn’t even a word yet, although the term “cyberspace” had been famously coined by sci-fi author William Gibson in his classic book, Neuromancer.
Computer security, or information security, however, was already a reality, and had been for a couple of decades, but it was an extremely niche specialty within computer science.
The first computer virus is believed to be the Creeper worm, which was unleashed in 1971 on the Arpanet, the government-developed network that became the internet’s forerunner. A handful of other viruses and worms wreaked havoc after that, before they became ubiquitous once the internet and the World Wide Web became a reality.
Perhaps the very first documented government espionage campaign on the internet was the one discovered by Clifford Stoll, an astronomer by training who also managed the computers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. In 1986, Stoll noticed a 75 cent accounting error in the network, which eventually led him to discover that a hacker had broken into the lab’s systems. In the end, the hacker was identified and found to have been feeding information from the lab and other U.S. government networks to the Soviet Union’s KGB.
Stoll immortalized his months-long scrupulous and painstaking investigation in the book The Cuckoo’s Egg, a first person account that reads like a very detailed and extensive report by security researchers analyzing a hacking campaign carried out by government hackers. The Cuckoo’s Egg has since become a classic, but it’s probably fair to say it didn’t exactly hit the mainstream when it was released.
As far as I can tell, Ghost in the Shell’s creator Masamune Shirow never spoke about what real life events inspired the hacking plot points in the manga. But it’s clear that he was paying attention to what, at the time, was a hidden world that was alien to most people on Earth, who were still years away from being online, let alone being aware of the existence of hackers.
Tech
Waymo starts autonomous testing in Philadelphia
Waymo is adding another four cities to its growing list of robotaxi rollouts. The company announced Wednesday it has begun testing its autonomous vehicles (with a safety monitor) in Philadelphia, and that it will start manual driving to collect data in Baltimore, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh.
Waymo did not offer a timeline for when it plans to launch commercial services in those locations, nor do we know whether the Alphabet-owned company will partner with other companies to operate robotaxis in each one. That has been the move in cities like Atlanta and Austin, for example, where Waymo has partnered with Uber to advance its robotaxi rollout.
But the new locations join a list of over 20 cities where the company is either offering rides, prepping a commercial launch, or testing. Waymo is also now offering rides on freeways in Los Angeles, Phoenix, and the San Francisco Bay Area. The company plans to be doing one million rides per week by the end of 2026.
Waymo has done all this while claiming to be operating at a level five times safer than humans, according to data the company recently released.
But the expansion has not come without its issues. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is investigating how the company’s vehicles operate near school buses, after a Waymo was filmed driving around a stopped bus in Atlanta in September.
This week, Austin news outlet KXAN published a report showing Waymo’s vehicles have driven past school buses that were in the process of unloading or loading children multiple times — including after Waymo claims to have shipped software updates to address the problem.
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Spotify Wrapped 2025 adds its first multiplayer feature with ‘Wrapped Party’
Spotify Wrapped is back. After last year’s widely criticized flop that included an AI podcast as its highlight, the streamer’s highly anticipated annual review feature has returned to its roots. This year, Spotify is doubling down on what it knows works best: deep dives into your streaming data, creative experiences, messages from favorite artists, and other social features.
The company claims that Wrapped 2025 is its biggest, as it’s introducing nearly a dozen new features in addition to its old standbys, like top songs and artists. Plus, it’s offering more visibility into users’ data than in years past. For the first time, Spotify Wrapped is adding a live multiplayer feature to compare your listening data with friends.
Wrapped Party, Wrapped’s first live interactive experience, allows you to invite up to nine friends to compare listening stats.

Also new this year, your Top Songs Playlist will include the play counts for each of the top songs, so you can actually see how much time you spent with your favorite tracks.
Other standout features this year include an interactive Top Song Quiz, a Listening Age feature, and Wrapped Clubs, which match you to one of six unique listening styles.
The company believes these additions will not only bring back the personalized, engaging experience that users have long expected from Wrapped, but will take it a step further by making it more interactive than before.
In the Top Song Quiz, for instance, you can try to guess which top song soundtracked your year before seeing the results.
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The new interactive Wrapped Party feature isn’t just about comparing the personal streaming data you’ve already received to your friends’ data, as that’s something people already do on social media. Instead, the feature presents unique data stories for your group, like who’s the “most obsessed fan,” the “early bird,” the most “picky listener,” or even something as nice as the “dinner table explainer,” meaning the person who listens to the most news podcasts.

Spotify says these awards update dynamically every time you join a Wrapped Party, so no two sessions are ever the same — even if you run through them again with the same group of friends.
The new Wrapped Clubs, meanwhile, will group you into one of half a dozen listening styles, like the “Soft Hearts Club,” the “Club Serotonin,” the “Full Charge Crew,” the “Cosmic Stereo Club,” and others. You’ll also receive a role in the club based on your listening data. You might be a club leader if your listening choices strongly matches the club’s values, a scout if you’re always seeking out new releases, or an archivist if you listen to music from past eras.

Another feature, Listening Age, compares your 2025 music listening to others in your age group. To calculate your age, the feature considers the release years of the tracks you listen to most. From there, it identifies the five-year span of music that you engaged with more than other listeners your age.

As in prior years, you’ll see your top songs, top artists, top genres, and, for the first time, top albums. If you engaged with audiobooks and podcasts, you’ll see metrics for those as well. Artists, writers, and podcasters will have their own version of Wrapped as before. And top fans will again receive video messages from their favorite artists, podcasters, and, now, authors.
You’ll also receive a playlist of your top songs of the year, as before.

What you won’t find in this year’s Wrapped is any feature that advertises it was made with AI.
In a press briefing on Tuesday, Spotify’s Senior Director of Global Marketing, Matt Luhks, admitted the company received a “lot of feedback” about its 2024 AI-focused Wrapped experience, saying it was a “mix of positive and ‘more constructive feedback,’” despite the feature driving more engagement than prior years.
“We take all of that in. We use that as information, insights, [and] inspiration for how we approached Wrapped this year,” he said in a press event ahead of today’s launch.
“What our users tell us about Wrapped means a lot to us, so it was really informative in how we approached Wrapped this year. And what we tried to build was the most creative, most innovative, most engaging Wrapped ever,” he added, setting a high bar for the 2025 edition of the now 11-year-old annual year-in-review feature.
“We’re the original and, we believe, still the best,” Luhks said.

Still, AI was a part of the Wrapped experience. Though the company claims the overall experience was not made with AI, it does leverage a LLM (large language model) to add a storytelling layer to Wrapped’s facts and figures, and natural language summaries in other parts of its experience, looking back on your data.
Spotify’s attempt to fix Wrapped after a notable stumble comes as the streamer faces increased competition from Apple, Amazon, YouTube, and others, which have all launched their own annual review features, inspired by Wrapped.
“Everyone seems to have their own version of Wrapped. Now, there’s a lot of reviews and replays and rewinds out there, but we believe that Wrapped still sets the bar for these year-end recaps,” Luhks said.
Along with the consumer experience, Spotify shared its top artists, songs, albums, podcasts, and audiobooks for the year, with top winners that included, respectively, Bad Bunny (top song and album), Joe Rogan (“The Joe Rogan Experience” podcast), and Rebeca Yarros (author of “Fourth Wing”).
Tech
Nothing looks to its community to raise $5M, wants to be ‘IPO-ready’ in 3 years
Hardware maker Nothing is letting its user base buy its stock as part of a new community investment round of $5 million. The new round, which opens on December 10, will enable consumers to buy the company’s shares at its Series C valuation of $1.3 billion.
The company said it has so far raised $8 million in total from over 8,000 people across two previous community investment rounds. It held its first community funding event in 2021, aiming to raise $1.5 million.
“This isn’t about raising capital, it’s about giving our community/fans a chance to invest while we’re private and join us on the journey,” a spokesperson for Nothing told TechCrunch.
Community investors have a rotating seat on the company’s board, but it is unclear what else they get for investing in the company through such rounds.
Nothing raised $200 million in its Series C back in September from investors including Tiger Global, GV, Highland Europe, EQT, Latitude, I2BF and Tapestry. The company has raised $450 million to date.
The community round comes as Nothing makes changes to its corporate structure as it tries to increase its share of a smartphone market dominated by giants like Samsung and Apple. The company is spinning off its budget CMF brand, and plans to explore AI-centric devices while it keeps building smartphones and audio products. And Nothing claims it crossed $1 billion in cumulative revenue this year, up 150% from 2024.
The startup is working to be “IPO-ready” in three years, CEO Carl Pei told TechCrunch in an email. “The timing will depend on market conditions and what makes sense for the business at that point in time,” he said.
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“What’s important is that we’re already operating with that discipline now. We’re building the systems, the governance, the financial discipline that a public company needs. It forces us to think longer-term and make smarter decisions that prioritise sustainable growth,” Pei added.
It’s not clear if Nothing aims to raise another round before an IPO. When asked about its fundraising plans, a Nothing spokesperson said the company is not thinking about raising capital immediately, but it wouldn’t be averse to those conversations.
Those interested in investing in the community round can use platforms like Wefunder and Crowdcube to participate.
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